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Skills for Guessing the New Words
Du Xiaojun
(渭南师范学院外国语学院,渭南 114000)
(School of Foreign Languages,Weinan Normal University,Weinan 114000,China)
摘要:文章详细地阐述了英语阅读当中一些猜词的技巧,尤其是重点叙述了通过构词法,即前缀和后缀的方式猜测生词的技巧,而且认为阅读与词汇量之间是相辅相成,相互促进的。
Abstract: This paper elaborates some skills for guessing the new words. Most of all, some useful word-building methods are introduced in this paper, and the paper argues that reading and lexical resources are mutually complementary and stimulative.
【关键词】: 阅读 词汇 生词 技巧
Key words: reading;lexical resources;new words;skill
中图分类号:G42 文献标识码:A文章编号:100 -4311(2011)32-0213-02
0引言
词汇与阅读之间的关系是辩证的:要读的快读的懂,就必须扩大词汇量;反之要扩大词汇量,就必须大量阅读,较广泛地涉猎各种题材的阅读资料。在阅读过程中,我们往往会碰到生词难词,这不仅在很大程度上影响我们的阅读速度,而且也会妨碍我们对文章的正确理解。但是,“会读”的人总是会通过上下文准确地猜出一些生词的意思,而且随着阅读的深入,也会在他的阅读视野中提前呈现出其词义信息来,这绝非他们有什么特异功能,而是他们巧妙地运用了“猜”词的技能。
1猜词的技巧
英语考试中阅读部分所选的段落或短文,其中包含的词汇可能会超出大纲所列词汇表的范围,即使有些词汇虽不超纲,但却较为生僻;再者,仅仅通过大纲所列词汇表来识记单词的学生,往往不能把握单词的多义性和单词在语境中的变异性,即使在看到自己比较熟悉的单词时,虽然似曾相识,却不敢断然肯定。遇到这种情况,如果该词在文中雅关大局,不影响对上下文的准确理解,我们当然可以不去管它;但若这个词很关键,那么我们就要设法“钻空子”,猜出其词义。当然猜词是有一定根据的,其根据就是这个生僻词出现的上下文语境或提示信息。一般情况下,提示信息会出现在以下几种情形当中,我们也可以从以下几个方面入手去猜测词义:
1.1 根据上下文的标点、提示词、 定语从句等去猜词有时,文章作者为了让文章更易被读者理解,或觉的某个词语生僻,往往会在句子中对这个词语进行变相的解释,解释生词的方式多种多样,有时作者用提示词给出解释,有时作者会以破折号、 括号或逗号等标点引出解释性词语或短语,给读者以暗示,有时会在这个生僻词后使用一个定语从句,对其修饰限定的名词进行解释。例如:
a)A byline, that is, the line at the head of a newspaper article that tells the author’s name, is rarely given to an inexperienced reporter.
b)Stones are a better conductor of heat than soil. Or put in another way, soil is a better insulator than rock.
c)The harbor is protected by a jetty―a wall built out into the water.
d)Jane is indecisive, that is, she can’t make up her mind.
e) One of the advantages of gold is its malleability, which enables jewelers to hammer, bend, and work the mental into almost any shape or design.
从以上例子可以看出,英语中的提示词或标点能帮助读者推断或猜测生词词义,常用的主要的提示词有: is (are), e.g., called, meaning, or, that is, put it in another way 等等。
1.2 For example, for instance, such as, like 等表示举例的词语或标点符号有助于理解文章中的生僻词。如:
a) Select any of these periodicals: Times, Newsweek, Reader’s Digest or The New Yorker.
b) She is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eyes.
c) In the corner there is a Christmas tree decorated with shining ornaments, such as colored lights and glass balls, and sometimes hung with gifts.
1.3 在英语文章中,有些句子会给出某些生词的反义词,通过反义词,我们就可以推断出生词或生僻词的词义,或句子本身含有比较或对照的关系,通过这种关系我们也可以猜出词义。常用的表示比较、 对照或反义的信号词语有: unlike, but, although, though, while, yet, instead, whereas, however, in comparison with, compared with, on the other hand, rather than等。例如:
a) The class covers only the most important philosophical ideas of the 19th century, not the trivial one.
b) The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a cork.
c) Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.
d) Most of us agreed; however, Bill dissented.
1.4 生活常识和经验也可以帮助我们猜测词义,如例所示:
a) The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.
b) Mark got on the motorbike, I sat behind him on the pillion, and we roared off.
c) Luther was very sad when his grandfather died, but thanks to the inheritance his grandfather left him, he could afford to go to college.
1.5 通过上、下义词关系和同类词来预测词义。有些词表示的概念概括性较大,他们可以包括许多表示范围较小的词,由此构成上、下义关系,从属于某一大概念的小词具有并列关系,属同类词。根据这一特点,我们可以通过下义词猜出上义词或同类词的意思,或通过上义词猜测出下义词。例如:
a) It is necessary, therefore, to build safety devices. A knife has a handle and scabbard; an automobile has bumper, safety glass, and seat belts.
b) We have two dogs: a dachshund named Willy, and basset named Fido.
1. 最后一种猜词技巧,也是最重要的最常用的猜词方法即通过构词法来猜词义,因为在英语中由于有大量的词根和词缀,因而也就产生了大量的合成词和派生词,只要了解一个词缀和词根的意义,自然而然会判断出其派生词的意义及词性。通常加前缀会改变根词的词义,加后缀会改变一个根词的词性。那么在日常学习中,我们应牢记一些常见的词缀和词根,自然有助于我们去猜测所遇到的陌生词的词义,举一些常见的词缀以说明这个问题。
PrefixesMeaning Example
Over “to an excessive degree” overwork
Under“not enough, not sufficiently” underdeveloped
Non “not”non-smoker
Sub“under or beneath” subway
Pre“before” preschool
Post“after”postwar
Co“with or together”co-owner
…
Verb Suffixes
-fy pure――purify
-izemodern――modernize
Adjective Suffixes
-ish girl――girlish
-likecat――catlike
-ive act――active
-lymonth――monthly
Noun Suffixes
-hoodneighbor――neighborhood
-ship friend――friendship
-domfree――freedom
-alremove――removal
-encediffer――difference
2小结
上面总结的只是英语阅读中碰到的常见的猜词技巧,技巧固然重要,但大量的阅读更重要,只有通过大量的阅读,才能有效地扩大英语的词汇量,才能熟练地掌握这些猜词技巧;反过来,词汇量增加自然会有助于阅读能力的提高,因此我们要通过阅读来提高自己的英语水平,扩大自己对英语背景知识的储藏量,从而更加自如的使用这些技巧,以提高自己的英语阅读速度和水平。
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作者简介:杜晓军(1915-),男,陕西旬邑人,讲师,现为西安外国语大学高翻学院笔译专业在读硕士研究生,研究方向为大学英语教学和英语翻译。
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