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《现代语言学》考前练兵
1.[单选题] As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be（ ）.
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A.descriptive
B.synchronic
C.prescriptive
D.diachronic
答:——A——
2.[单选题] Swiss linguist Saussure uses the term （ ）to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, i.e. the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.
A.langue
B.competence
C.parole
D.performance
答:——A——
3.[单选题] Statistics resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over 5,000 languages in the world, about two thirds of which have only had( )form.
A.written
B.spoken
C.descriptive
D.prescriptive
答:——B——
4.[单选题] The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the nose. The air stream coming from （ ）may be modified in these cavities in various ways.
A.hearts
B.teeth
C.livers
D.lungs
答:————
5.[单选题] When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are （ ）.
A.voiceless
B.lax
C.voiced
D.narrow
答:————
.[单选题] The various versions of the [l] sound do not occur at random in English; their distribution follows a nicely（ ）pattern; we use clear [l] before a vowel, such as loaf, and dark [?] at the end of word after a vowel or before a consonant, such as tell, uilt.
A.distinct
B.clear
C.complementary
D.similar
答:————
1.[单选题] Conjunctions, （ ）, articles and pronouns consist of the grammatical or functional words. The number of such words is small and stable since few new words are added, therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words.
A.nouns
B.adjectives
C.prepositions
D.adverbs
答:————
8.[单选题] Derivation is also subject to special constraints and restrictions, e.g. the suffix –ant can combine with roots of （ ）origin such as assist and combat, but not with those of native English origin such as help and fight. Thus, there are words such as assistant and combatant, but not *helpant and *fightant.
A.French
B.Latin
C.Chinese
D.American
答:————
9.[单选题] （ ）is a branch of linguistics that studies the rule that govern the formation of sentences.
A.Syntax
B.Phonetics
C.Semantics
D.Phonology
答:————
10.[单选题] Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualize##For example, the definition “a domesticated carnivorous mammal that typically has a long snout, an acute sense of smell, non-retractile claws, and a barking, howling, or whining voice” is the sense of the word（ ）.
A.cat
B.dog
C.elephant
D.bear
答:————
11.[单选题] The same one word may have more than one meaning. The various meanings of the word are related to some degree. This is what we call （ ）___. For example, the word table means a piece of furniture, and it may also mean all the people seated at a table.
A.polysemy
B.hyponymy
C.antonymy
D.homonymy
答:————
12.[单选题] Some antonyms are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. The following pairs are all gradable antonyms except （ ）.
A.old and young
B.hot and cold
C.big and small
D.dead and alive
答:————
13.[单选题] “He was a bachelor all his life”（ ）“He never married all his life”.
A.entails
B.presupposes
C.is inconsistent with
D.is synonymous with
答:————
14.[单选题] Predication analysis is a way to analyze （ ）meaning. ybaotk.com 答案1 129 021
A.phoneme
B.word
C.phrase
D.sentence
答:————
15.[单选题] A（ ）act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology..
A.locutionary
B.illocutionary
C.perlocutionary
D.performative
答:————
1 .[单选题] If a linguistic study aims to establish rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should and what they should not say, it is said be （ ）.
A.descriptive
B.synchronic
C.prescriptive
D.diachronic
答:————
11.[单选题] Saussure took a （ ）view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.
A.pragmatic
B.sociological
C.semantic
D.syntactic
答:————
18.[单选题] The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of （ ）. It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.
A.phonetics
B.semantics
C.morphology
D.syntax
答:————
19.[单选题] Air coming from the lungs and through the windpipe passes through the ( ), a part of the larynx, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe. This is the first point where sound modification might occur.
A.nose
B.teeth
C.glottis
D.mouth
答:————
20.[单选题] When two different forms are identical in very way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form （ ）.
A.distinctive feature
B.minimal pair
C.complementary pair
D.perfect pair
答:————
21.[单选题] （ ）refers to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.
A.General linguistics
B.Phonology
C.Morphology
D.Syntax
答:————
22.[单选题] The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) （ ）.
A.bound morpheme
B.bound form
C.inflectional morpheme
D.free morpheme
答:————
23.[单选题] There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “-ed” in the phrase “learned a language” is known as a(n) （ ）.
A.derivational morpheme
B.free morpheme
C.inflectional morpheme
D.free from
答:————
24.[单选题] （ ）refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.
A.Word
B.Category
C.Morpheme
D.Phoneme
答:————
25.[单选题] The word around which a phrase is formed is termed hea##The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as （ ）. The words on the right side of the right side of the heads are said to function as complements.
A. ualifier
B.auxiliary
C.determiner
D.specifier
答:————
2 .[单选题] The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the（ ） context.
A.distinctive
B.observable
C.linguistic
D.similar
答:————
21.[单选题] Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which girl and lass belong is called （ ）synonyms.
A.stylistic
B.dialectal
C.emotive
D.collocational
答:————
28.[单选题] （ ）refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same forms, i.e. words with different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or both. For example, rain/reign, bow v./bow n. and bear n./bear v.
A.Polysemy
B.Hyponymy
C.Antonymy
D.Homonymy
答:————
29.[单选题] Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites. The following pairs are all relational opposites except （ ）.
A.doctor and patient
B.husband and wife
C.male and female
D.teacher and student
答:————
30.[单选题] “I bought some roses” （ ）“I bought some flowers.”
A.entails
B.presupposes
C.is inconsistent with
D.is synonymous with
答:————
31.[单选题] There are a number of relatively independent branches within the area of linguistics. The study of them forms the core of linguistics. They do not include （ ）.
A.phonetics
B.pragmatics
C.semantics
D.sociolinguistics
答:————
32.[单选题] Chomsky uses the term （ ）to refer to the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, which enable him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.
A.langue
B.competence
C.parole
D.performance
答:————
33.[单选题] The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is（ ）.
A.arbitrary
B.non-arbitrary
C.logical
D.non-productive
答:————
34.[单选题] One important feature that marks the difference between vowels and constants is that whether the air coming from the lungs meet with any （ ）.
A.aspiration
B.obstruction
C.voicing
D.transition
答:————
35.[单选题] In terms of manner of articulation, the following consonants [p], , [t], [d], [k], [g] share the feature of（ ）.
A.fricative
B.alveolar
C.affricative
D.stop
答:————
3 .[单选题] Of the following sound combination, only（ ）is permissible according to the se uential rules in English.
A.kilb
B.bkil
C.ilkb
D.ilbk
答:————
31.[单选题] In English, （ ）, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of vocabulary. They are the content words of a language, which are sometimes called open class words, since new words can be added to these classes regularly.
A.nouns
B.conjunctions
C.pronouns
D.prepositions
答:————
38.[单选题] Many linguistics nowadays believe that sentences, like other phrases, also have their own heads. They take an abstract category（ ）as the heads, which indicates the sentence’s tense and agreement. Like other phrases, the head takes an NP (the subject) as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.
A.agreement
B.tense
C.aspect
D.inflection
答:————
39.[单选题] The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the（ ）.
A.phrase structure
B.surface structure
C.syntactic structure
D.deep structure
答:————
40.[单选题] Whereas the suffix –s is pronounced as in the word books, [z] in bags, and [iz] in judges, they are different pronunciations of the（ ） morpheme /-s/.
A.free
B.distinctive
C.plural
D.present tense
答:————
41.[单选题] （ ）refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific wor##For example, the relation between the word flower and the words like rose, tulip, carnation and lily etc.
A.Polysemy
B.Hyponymy
C.Antonymy
D.Synonymy
答:————
42.[单选题] A pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the feature that the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other, that is, it is a matter of either one or the other. The following pairs are all complementary antonyms except （ ）.
A.perfect and imperfect
B.husband and wife
C.male and female
D.dead and alive
答:————
43.[单选题] Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to ananyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called （ ）.
A.memorable features
B.special features
C.semantic features
D.distinctive features
答:————
44.[单选题] The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as （ ）.
A.+animate, +male, +human, -adult
B.+animate, +male, +human, +adultC.+animate, -male, +human, -adult
C.+animate, -male, +human，+adult
答:————
45.[单选题] A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate. An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with a normal element in a sentence. There is/are（ ） argument(s) in the sentence Kids like apples.
A.no
B.one
C.two
D.three
答:————
4 .[判断题] The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.
A.对
B.错
答:————
41.[判断题] The speech organs located in the oral cavity are the tongue, the uvula, the soft palate, the hard palate, the teeth ridge, the teeth and lips.
A.对
B.错
答:————
48.[判断题] Vowel sounds are classified by a number of factors: the position of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of lips, and the strength of the vowels.
A.对
B.错
答:————
49.[判断题] In the compound word greenhouse, we find the primary stress on the second part of the compound whereas in the phrase green house, on the adjective that ualifies the noun.
A.对
B.错
答:————
50.[判断题] Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning. So far the uestion of what meaning really is has been resolved.
A.对
B.错
答:————
51.[判断题] The publication of Saussure’s work Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century laid down the key note for modern linguistic studies that language should be studies as a self-contained, intrinsic system and extra-linguistic factors were not to be considered.
A.对
B.错
答:————
52.[判断题] If we take “The dog is barking” as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are regarding it as a sentence.
A.对
B.错
答:————
53.[判断题] Instead of using the imperative form to make a re uest, uestions such as “Do you mind closing the door?” and statements such as “The door is open!” can also be used to achieve the same goal. Using language in such a way is generally perceives as indirect language use.
A.对
B.错
答:————
54.[判断题] According Saussure, parole is simply a mass of linguistic fact, too varied and confusing for systematic investigation, and what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i.e. to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language.
A.对
B.错
答:————
55.[判断题] An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to overemphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.
A.对
B.错
答:————
5 .[判断题] Vibration of the vocal cords results in a uality of speech sounds call “voicing”, which is a feature of some vowels and all consonants in English.
A.对
B.错
答:————
51.[判断题] Morphemes such as -en, -ate, and -ic are derivational morpheme because when they are conjoined to other morphemes (or words), they usually change the category, or grammatical class of words.
A.对
B.错
答:————
58.[判断题] We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
A.对
B.错
答:————
59.[判断题] The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
A.对
B.错
答:————
0.[判断题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considere##If it is not considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.
A.对
B.错
答:————
1.[判断题] The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, that of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a context.
A.对
B.错
答:————
2.[判断题] Modern linguistics is mainly prescriptive. It studies what is normally known as “grammar” and is normally based on “high” (religious, literary) written language. It aims to set model for language users to follow.
A.对
B.错
答:————
3.[判断题] Contrary to Saussure, Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speakers’ performance, i.e. the actualization of linguistic knowledge in real communication.
A.对
B.错
答:————
4.[判断题] 1.????? Unlike roots, affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes. For example, the affix -er is is a bound morpheme that combines with a verb such as teach, giving a noun with -er meaning “one who teaches.”
A.对
B.错
答:————
5.[判断题] Inflectional morphemes are grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. They are attached to words or morphemes and they can sometimes change their syntactic category.
A.对
B.错
答:————
.[判断题] Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.
A.对
B.错
答:————
1.[判断题] Movement is constraine##For example, no element may be removed from a coordinate structure to another place.
A.对
B.错
答:————
8.[判断题] The meaning of the word black doesn’t differ in the two collocations of black hair and black coffee since linguistic context doesn’t form part of the meaning of the word.
A.对
B.错
答:————
9.[判断题] Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical word.If we say the dog is barking, the word dog here refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer.
A.对
B.错
答:————
10.[问答题] 1. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.
Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function, which are supposedly distinct from each other but actually overlapping to some degree.
The descriptive function, also referred to differently as the cognitive, or referential, or propositional function, is assumed to be the primary function of language. It is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted to denied, and in some cases can be verified, e.g. “2008 Olympic Games in Beijing is a successful one”
The expressive function, also called the emotive or attitudinal function, supplies information about the user’s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values, e.g. “I will never come to this restaurant again.”
And the social function, also referred to as the interpersonal function, serves to establish and maintain social relations between people, e.g. “How can I help you sir?”
2. Why is the notion of context essential in the pragmatic study of linguistic communication?
The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Various components of shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other. Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him. Without such knowledge, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge, linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a pragmatic sense.
3. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?
Modern linguistics gives priority to speech rather than to writing for the following reasons:
答:————
11.[名词解释] Phonetics
答:————
12.[名词解释] morpheme
答:————
13.[名词解释] hyponymy
答:————
14.[名词解释] arbitrariness
答:————
15.[名词解释] phoneme
答:————
1 .[名词解释] root
答:————
11.[名词解释] duality
答:————
18.[名词解释] minimal pairs
答:————
19.[名词解释] category
答:————
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